| Home | E-Submission | Sitemap | Contact Us |  
top_img
Algae > Volume 34(3); 2019 > Article
Lee, Jang, Cho, Yoon, and Boo: Genetic diversity and distribution of edible scytosiphonacean algae from Ulleungdo Island, Korea

ABSTRACT

Despite the abundance of seaweeds from Ulleungdo Island, genetic diversity and distribution of edible brown algae from the island remain unstudied. We analyzed mitochondrial cox3 sequences from 86 specimens collected in the island and from the nearby Korean Peninsula. Our cox3 phylogeny for the first time confirmed the occurrence of fives species from Ulleungdo Island; Petalonia binghamiae, P. fascia, Planosiphon zosterifolius, and two cryptic species previously identified as Scytosiphon lomentaria. P. binghamiae was relatively homogeneous with three haplotypes. P. fascia comprised four haplotypes, which were grouped into two genetic lineages. S. lomentaria was heterogeneous with nine haplotypes and was divided into two cryptic species; one species clustered with taxa from cold waters while the other clustered with taxa from temperate and cold waters. Low genetic diversity in P. binghamiae while high genetic diversity in S. lomentaria from Ulleungdo Island are comparable to patterns observed from other species from the Korean peninsula. Ulleungdo Island, although small in size, is an ideal field laboratory to investigate genetic diversity and distributions of economic marine algae.

INTRODUCTION

Scytosiphonacean brown algae have heteromorphic life histories with an alternation of macroscopic gametophytes and microscopic sporophytes (Wynne 1969, Kogame 1998, Boo 2010). Gametophytes are cylindrical to globose, and predominate usually during winter and spring. Sporophytes are crustose, and occur on rocks in summer and autumn. Sixteen genera of the family Scytosiphonaceae are accepted in AlgaeBase (Guiry and Guiry 2019), and many of the species classified to Petalonia and Scytosiphon are eaten by Koreans and Japanese.
The genus Petalonia is characterized by flattened thalli, sori without unicellular paraphyses, and rare to occasional phaeophycean hairs. The genus included only five species: P. binghamiae (J. Agardh) Vinogradova, P. fascia (O. F. Muller) Kuntze, P. filiformis (Batters) Kuntze, P. tatewakii Kogame & Kurihara, P. tenuis Matsumoto & Shimada, and P. zosterifolia (Reinke) Kuntze (Fletcher 1987, Kogame et al. 2011, Matsumoto et al. 2014). However, the last species was revised as Planosiphon zosterifolius (Reinke) McDevit & G. W. Saunders (McDevit and Saunders 2017).
The genus Scytosiphon is distinguished by cylindrical to compressed hollow thalli, sori with unicellular paraphyses, and abundant phaeophycean hairs (Kogame 1998), and consists of seven species; S. canaliculatus (Setchell & Gardner) Kogame, S. complanatus (Rosenvinge) Doty, S. crispus Skottsberg, S. dotyi Wynne, S. gracilis Kogame, S. lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link, and S. tenellus Kogame (Wynne 1969, Kogame 1998).
In Korea, Petalonia binghamiae, P. fascia and Planosiphon zosterifolius are reported to occur, and two species for Scytosiphon, S. gracilis and S. lomentaria, commonly occur (Boo et al. 2011). Rhew and Boo (1991) studied the morphological variability of P. binghamiae on the east coast. However, there is no molecular studies on P. binghamiae. S. lomentaria predominates on intertidal rocks and tide pools in spring along all Korean coasts (Cho et al. 2002, Boo 2010, Boo and Ko 2012). Cho et al. (2007) reported that S. lomentaria from Korea contained two cryptic species on the basis of plastid RuBisCO spacer and nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences.
Ulleungdo Island is a volcanic island (about 73 km2) in the East Sea, including 11 smaller isles, formed during the late Tertiary and early Pleistocene (Park and Park 1981). The island is roughly pentagonal in shape, lying about 137 km apart east from Imwon harbor, Gangwon Province. Previous studies focused on the flora of marine algae from Ulleungdo Island (Kang 1965, Lee and Boo 1981, Kim et al. 1996). However, there have been no genetic investigations on its economic marine algae. Here, we targeted the genera Petalonia and Scytosiphon which are common in winter and spring in Ulleungdo Island. Our aim was to investigate genetic diversity and haplotype structure of these edible scytosiphonacean genera. We analyzed mitochondrial cox3, a molecular marker that is commonly used in the taxonomy and biogeography of brown algae (e.g., Lee et al. 2009, 2013, 2014, Kogame et al. 2015a).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Specimens of Petalonia (Fig. 1A–C) were collected at four locations on Ulleungdo Islands from Mar 12–14, 2018, and additional specimens were collected at Naesujeon and Tonggumi on Jun 19, 2018. Specimens (Fig. 1A–F) were collected at three locations on Ulleungdo Island on the same dates. Plants were collected at intervals of 1 m. All collected specimens were kept in silica gel and epiphytes were removed under a dissecting microscope in the laboratory prior DNA extraction. Additional specimens from Jejudo Island and Geojedo Island were available for comparative analyses. Voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea. Information of specimens used in the present study is provided in Table 1.
A total of 86 individuals (71 from Ulleungdo and 15 from the Korean Peninsula) were analyzed (Table 1). DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction amplification, and sequencing of the mitochondrial cox3 gene were performed as described in Boo et al. (2011). The primers used for amplifying and sequencing were F49 and R20 (Boo et al. 2011). Unique haplotypes of cox3 generated in the present study are deposited in GenBank (Benson et al. 2018). Phylogenies of cox3 were inferred using maximum likelihood (ML). The ML analyses was performed using the Pthreads version of RAxML v8.0.X (Stamatakis 2014) set as follows: a rapid bootstrap analysis and search for the best-scoring ML tree in one single program run with 100 bootstrap replicates.

RESULTS

A total of 86 cox3 sequences from edible scytosiphonacean brown algae from Ulleungdo Island were obtained for a 480 bp alignment with 169 variable positions (35.2%) and 140 parsimoniously informative characters (29.2%). Petalonia binghamiae differed by up to 10.4% from P. fascia. S. lomentaria comprised two genetic lineages, both differed by up to 10.2%.
Mitochondrial cox3 phylogeny revealed that five species of scytosiphonacean edible algae occurred in Ulleungdo Island (Fig. 2); P. binghamiae, P. fascia, Planosiphon zosterifolius and two cryptic species previously recognized as S. lomentaria. P. binghamiae clustered with P. fascia. S. lomentaria was separated into two clades forming a sister relationship.
P. binghamiae contained three haplotypes (Pb1, Pb2 and Pb3); Pb1 was the most common, shared by 32 individuals from four locations on Ulleungdo Island (Fig. 3). It also occurred in Guryongpo on the east coast. Pb2 and Pb3 occurred at Cheonbu and Tonggumi, respectively. P. fascia contained four haplotypes (Pf1, Pf2, Pf3 and Pf4) from 10 specimens analyzed. All haplotypes occurred at Hyeonpo harbor. Pf3 occurred in Daebon on the southeast coast, and Pf4 occurred in Geojedo on the south coast. Planosiphon zosterifolius contained two haplotypes (Pz1 and Pz2).
S. lomentaria comprised six haplotypes from Ulleungdo Island (Fig. 3), which were divided into two distinct genetic lineages. These two genetic lineages overlapped in three locations from Ulleungdo Island. Group I consisted of three haplotypes (S1, S4 and S6), and it clustered with haplotypes from south Korea as well as south and northern Japan. An identical haplotype (S4) occurred from Ulleungdo Island and Jejudo Island. Group II contained three haplotypes (S2, S3 and S5), and it clustered with haplotypes from Hokkaido, Japan. However, there were no identical haplotypes of the Group II between Ulleungdo and Korean Peninsula.
A distribution map of haplotypes of edible scytosiphonacean algae from Ulleungdo Island is given in Fig. 3.

DISCUSSION

Genetic diversity and distribution

The major findings of the present study are the low genetic diversity in P. binghamiae, showing only three haplotypes from 32 individuals, and the high genetic diversity in S. lomentaria, which contained six haplotypes from 23 individuals from Ulleungdo Island. The difference in genetic diversity may reflect a difference in evolutionary history and contemporary dispersals experienced by each species.
The three P. binghamiae haplotypes from Ulleungdo Island comprise a common haplotype (Pb1 from 30 individuals) and two singletons (Pb2 from Cheonbu and Pb3 from Tonggumi). The common haplotype (Pb1) reveals the genetic connectivity of Ulleungdo Island with Guryongpo on the southeast Korea. However, additional study will confirm whether singleton haplotypes are Ulleungdo-specific or shared from surrounding waters. The low genetic diversity in P. binghamiae from Ulleungdo Island is similar to the results of plastid rbcL and/or nuclear ITS from in previous studies (Cho et al. 2002, Kogame et al. 2011, Matsumoto et al. 2014). Petalonia fascia displayed a relatively high-level of genetic diversity, considering the occurrence of four cox3 haplotypes from 10 individuals from Ulleungdo Island. The presence of four haplotypes (Pf1, Pf2, Pf3 and Pf4) from Hyeonpo harbor may be the result of frequent fishery transportations by boat. P. fascia from Ulleungdo Island has genetic connectivity with the Korean Peninsula. The occurrence of two cox3 groups within P. fascia is supported by the ITS data by Cho et al. (2002). The two haplotypes were found for Planosiphon zosterifolius, indicating low genetic diversity, as shown in ITS sequences in the previous study (Cho et al. 2002).
S. lomentaria is heterogeneous, displaying six haplotypes from Ulleundo Island, segregated into two genetic lineages. These two genetic lineages are considered cryptic species because of their distant relationships in cox3 phylogeny but their morphological similarity. Group I, haplotypes S1, S4, S6, S7, S8 and S9, is considered an eurythermal species, occurring from Ulleungdo Island as well as south coast of Korea and southern Japan. Group II, including haplotypes S2, S3 and S5, is considered a cold-temperate species, occurring from Ulleungdo Island and middle to northern Japan. These two cryptic species overlapped at three locations in Ulleungdo Island where samples were collected. Ulleungdo Island was likely formed by volcanic eruptions between the late Pliocene (5.3-2.58 Ma) and early Pleistocene (2.58-1.8 Ma) (Park and Park 1981), and the time period is too short to make a 10.5% pairwise divergence between these cryptic species. We therefore hypothesize that contemporary coastal currents likely are driving forces for the arrival of two cryptic species in Ulleungdo Island. The eurythermal species reached Ulleungdo Island likely from the south coast of Korea along the East Korean Warm Current or nearby southern Japan, while the cold-temperate species arrived to Ulleungdo Island likely from North Korea or Far East Russia along the North Korean Cold Current. The presence of identical haplotypes of the eurythermal species between Ulleungdo Island and the Korean Peninsula indicates contemporary dispersals by warm water currents along the Korean strait to the East Sea. Additional studies are needed for dispersals of two cryptic species in Ulleungdo Island.

Taxonomic implications

This study confirms the presence of five edible scytosiphonacean species from Ulleungdo Island; Petalonia binghamiae, P. fascia, Planosiphon zosterifolius, and two cryptic species previously recognized as S. lomentaria. P. binghamiae (type locality, vicinity of Santa Barbara, California, USA) has been documented elsewhere (Vinogradova 1973, Brophy and Murray 1989, Rhew and Boo 1991). Our mitochondrial cox3 dataset demonstrates its monophyly, as in studies of psaA, rbcL and nrDNA ITS sequences (Cho et al. 2006, Kogame et al. 2011, Matsumoto et al. 2014).
P. fascia (type locality, near Kristiansand, Norway), a species that is similar in morphology to P. binghamiae, has a complex taxonomic history. It occurs from winter to spring along the entire Korean coast, including Ulleungdo Island (Boo 2010). Planosiphon zosterifolius is confirmed for the first time to occur from Ulleungdo Island, therefore extending the range of Planosiphon zosterifolius to Ulleungdo Island. Its presence from Guryongpo to Ayajin on the east coast of Korea was confirmed using nrDNA ITS by Cho et al. (2002). Planosiphon zosterifolius is common during early spring on the east coast of Korea (Cho et al. 2002) and Japan (Kogame et al. 2011).
S. lomentaria currently represents five cryptic species; two from Atlantic and three from Pacific (Cho et al. 2007, Kogame et al. 2015a, 2015b, Hoshino et al. 2018). Our cox3 phylogeny confirms the occurrence of two cryptic species from Ulleungdo Island, as reported in Korea based on nrDNA ITS and plastid rbcL sequences (Cho et al. 2007). The taxonomy of S. lomentaria thus remains incomplete, and a thorough systematic proposal is necessary for this species complex. The first step to stabilizing the taxonomy of S. lomentaria is to perform high-throughput sequencing on the type material deposited in the Lyngbye herbarium of Copenhagen (Womersley 1987). Recent molecular analysis from archival type specimens of marine algae have shown that intact DNA is retrievable and yields common plastid and mitochondrial markers (Hughey et al. 2014, Boo et al. 2016). However, if the type is not available for analyzing mitogenome, sequencing topotype material (type locality, Quivig, Faroe Island) is an additional option (Kogame et al. 2015b).
In conclusion, this is the first attempt to investigate the genetic diversity of edible scytosiphonacean algae from Ulleungdo Island and the occurrence of Ulleungdo-specific haplotypes. Ulleungdo Island reveals a low genetic diversity in P. binghamiae, but a high genetic diversity in S. lomentaria, showing patterns similar to those species in the Korean Peninsula. The contrasting patterns in these two species may result from its position in the midst of the East Sea. Ulleungdo Island, being small in size but harboring diverse haplotypes, is an ideal field laboratory to investigate the effects of ocean warming in shaping genetic diversity and the distributions of intertidal edible brown algae and other economic marine algae. Our study provides baseline data for future culture studies of edible scytosiphonacean algae from Ulleungdo Island.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was supported by a 2018 research grant from Ulleungdo-Dokdo Ocean Science Station, Korean Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (PE99713). We thank Eun Chan Yang for phylogenetic analysis and two reviewers for their critical reviews.

Fig. 1
Representative specimens of edible scytosiphonacean algae from Ulleungdo Island. (A) Petalonia binghamiae and Scytosiphon lomentaria plants growing on intertidal rocks at Naesujeon on Jun 19, 2018. (B) A specimen of P. binghamiae on Mar 12, 2018 at Cheonbu. (C) A specimen of P. fascia on Mar 13, 2018 at Naesujeon. (D) A specimen of Planosiphon zosterifolius on Mar 13, 2018 at Naesujeon. (E) A specimen of cryptic species 1 of S. lomentaria on Mar 13, 2018 at Naesujeon. (F) A specimen of cryptic species 2 of S. lomentaria on Mar 12, 2018 at Hyeonpo. Scale bars represent: B–F, 2 cm. [Colour figure can be viewed at http://www.e-algae.org].
algae-2019-34-3-229f1.jpg
Fig. 2
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of edible scytosiphonacean algae from Ulleungdo Island using the cox3 sequences. The numbers above or below the nodes are RAxML bootstrap values. Only bootstrap values ≥50% are shown in the tree. Bold letter indicates sequence generated in the present study.
algae-2019-34-3-229f2.jpg
Fig. 3
Map of Ulleungdo Island showing collection sites and haplotype distributions of scytosiphonacean algae. Haplotypes are abbreviated as Pb for Petalonia binghamiae, Pf for P. fascia, Pz for Planosiphon zosterifolius, and S for Scytosiphon lomentaria. Parenthesis indicates the number of samples analyzed.
algae-2019-34-3-229f3.jpg
Table 1
Information of species, collection site and date, and cox3 sequence generated in the present study
Species, collection sites, date Haplotype GenBank accession No.
Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link
 Ulleungdo; Hyeonpo; Mar 12, 2018 S1 MN171303
 Ulleungdo; Hyeonpo; Mar 14, 2018 S1 -
 Ulleungdo; Naesujeon; Mar 13, 2018 S1 (4) -
 Ulleungdo; Naesujeon; Jun 19, 2018 S1 (2) -
 Ulleungdo; Hyeonpo; Mar 12, 2018 S2 MN171304
 Ulleungdo; Hyeonpo; Mar 14, 2018 S2 (3) -
 Ulleungdo; Naesujeon; Mar 13, 2018 S2 (5) -
 Ulleungdo; Naesujeon; Mar 13, 2018 S3 (2) MN171305
 Ulleungdo; Naesujeon; Jun 19, 2018 S4 MN171306
 Ulleungdo; Naesujeon; Mar 13, 2018 S4 -
 Jejudo; Jocheon harbor; Mar 25, 2011 S4 -
 Jejudo; Hado; Mar 25, 2011 S4 -
 Ulleungdo; Naesujeon; Mar 13, 2018 S5 MN171307
 Ulleungdo; Naesujeon; Mar 13, 2018 S6 MN171308
 Ulleungdo; Naesujeon; Jun 19, 2018 S6 (2) -
 Busan; Gijang, Busan; Mar 27, 2009 S7 MN171309
 Jejudo; Jocheon harbor; Mar 25, 2011 S8 MN171310
 Jejudo; Hado; Mar 25, 2011 S8 -
 Jejudo; Moonseom; May 16, 2012 S9 MN171311
Petalonia binghamiae (J. Agardh) K. L. Vinogradova
 Ulleungdo; Cheonbu; Mar 12, 2018 Pb1 (12) MN171312
 Ulleungdo; Naesujeon; Mar 13, 2018 Pb1 (8) -
 Ulleungdo; Hyeonpo; Mar 14, 2018 Pb1 (5) -
 Ulleungdo; Hyeonpo; Jun 19, 2018 Pb1 (3) -
 Ulleungdo; Tonggumi; Jun 19, 2018 Pb1 (2) -
 Guryongpo; Pohang; Apr 28, 2017 Pb1 (2) -
 Ulleungdo; Cheonbu; Mar 12, 2018 Pb2 MN171313
 Ulleungdo; Tonggumi; Jun 19, 2018 Pb3 MN171314
 Jejudo; Namwon; Mar 28, 2017 Pb4 (2) MN171315
 Jejudo; Haengwon; Mar 29, 2017 Pb5 (2) MN171316
Petalonia fascia (O. F. Müller) Kuntze
 Ulleungdo; Cheonbu; Mar 12, 2018 Pf1 MN171317
 Ulleungdo; Hyeonpo; Mar 12, 2018 Pf1 -
 Ulleungdo; Hyeonpo; Mar 12, 2018 Pf2 (2) MN171318
 Ulleungdo; Hyeonpo; Mar 14, 2018 Pf2 -
 Ulleungdo; Hyeonpo; Mar 12, 2018 Pf3 MN171319
 Ulleungdo; Hyeonpo; Mar 14, 2018 Pf3 -
 Ulleungdo; Naesujeon; Mar 13, 2018 Pf3 (2) -
 Gyeongju; Daebon; Apr 27, 2017 Pf3 -
 Ulleungdo; Hyeonpo; Mar 14, 2018 Pf4 MN171320
 Geojedo; Yeocha; Dec 5, 2017 Pf4 (2) -
Planosiphon zosterifolius (Reinke) Kuntze
 Ulleungdo; Naesujeon; Mar 13, 2018 Pz1 (3) MN171321
 Ulleungdo; Hyeonpo; Mar 14, 2018 Pz1 (2) -
 Ulleungdo; Naesujeon; Mar 13, 2018 Pz2 MN171322

Parenthesis indicates the number of identical haplotypes.

REFERENCES

Benson, DA., Cavanaugh, M., Clark, K., Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Ostell, J., Pruitt, KD. & Sayers, EW. 2018. GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res. 46:D41–D47.
crossref pmid pdf
Boo, GH., Hughey, JR., Miller, KA. & Boo, SM. 2016. Mitogenomes from type specimens, a genotyping tool for morphologically simple species: ten genomes of agar-producing red algae. Sci Rep. 6:35337 pp.
crossref pmid pmc pdf
Boo, GH., Lindstrom, SC., Klochkova, NG., Yotsukura, N., Yang, EC., Kim, HG., Waaland, JR., Cho, GY., Miller, KA. & Boo, SM. 2011. Taxonomy and biogeography of Agarum and Thalassiophyllum (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) based on sequences of nuclear, mitochondrial, and plastid markers. Taxon. 60:831–840.
crossref
Boo, SM. 2010. Scytosiphonaceae, Petrospongiaceae. In : Kim HS, Boo SM, editors Algal Flora of Korea. Vol. 2. No. 1. Heterokontophyta: Phaeophyceae: Ectocarpales. Marine Brown Algae I. National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 155–185.

Boo, SM. & Ko, YD. 2012. Marine plants from Korea. Marine & Extreme Genome Research Centre Program, Seoul, 233 pp.

Brophy, TC. & Murray, SN. 1989. Field and culture studies of a population of Endarachne binghamiae (Phaeophyta) from southern California. J Phycol. 25:6–15.
crossref
Cho, GY., Kogame, K. & Boo, SM. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of the family Scytosiphonaceae (Phaeophyceae). Algae. 21:175–183.
crossref pdf
Cho, GY., Kogame, K., Kawai, H. & Boo, SM. 2007. Genetic diversity of Scytosiphon lomentaria (Scytosiphonaceae, Phaeophyceae) from the Pacific and Europe based on RuBisCO large subunit and spacer and ITS nrDNA sequences. Phycologia. 46:657–665.
crossref
Cho, GY., Yang, EC., Lee, SH. & Boo, SM. 2002. First description of Petalonia zosterifolia and Scytosiphon gracilis (Scytosiphonaceae, Phaeophyceae) from Korea with special reference to nrDNA ITS sequence comparisons. Algae. 17:135–144.
crossref pdf
Fletcher, RL. 1987. Seaweeds of the British Isles. Vol. 3. Fucophyceae (Phaeophyceae). Part I. British Museum (Natural History), London, 359 pp.

Hoshino, M., Ishikawa, S. & Kogame, K. 2018. Concordance between DNA-based species boundaries and reproductive isolating barriers in the Scytosiphon lomentaria species complex (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae). Phycologia. 57:232–242.
crossref
Hughey, JR., Gabrielson, PW., Rohmer, L., Tortolani, J., Silva, M., Miller, KA., Young, JD., Martell, C. & Ruediger, E. 2014. Minimally destructive sampling of type specimens of Pyropia (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) recovers complete plastid and mitochondrial genomes. Sci Rep. 4:5113 pp.
crossref pmid pmc pdf
Guiry, MD. & Guiry, GM. 2019. AlgaeBase, World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway, Available from: http://www.algaebase.org . Accessed Mar 30, 2019.

Kang, JW. 1965. Marine algae of Ulreungdo Island. Bull Pusan Fish Coll. 6:41–58.

Kim, HS., Kim, YH., Oak, JH., Kim, KH. & Lee, IK. 1996. Structure and vertical distribution of summer marine algal vegetation in subtidal zone of Ulreungdo and Dogdo Islands. Rep Surv Nat Environ Korea. 10:323–351.

Kogame, K. 1998. A taxonomic study of Japanese Scytosiphon (Scytosiphonales, Phaeophyceae), including two new species. Phycol Res. 46:39–56.
crossref
Kogame, K., Ishikawa, S., Yamauchi, K., Uwai, S., Kurihara, A. & Masuda, M. 2015a. Delimitation of cryptic species of the Scytosiphon lomentaria complex (Scytosiphonaceae, Phaeophyceae) in Japan, based on mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers. Phycol Res. 63:166–177.
crossref
Kogame, K., Kurihara, A., Cho, GY., Lee, KM., Sherwood, AR. & Boo, SM. 2011. Petalonia tatewakii sp. nov. (Scytosiphonaceae, Phaeophyceae) from the Hawaiian Islands. Phycologia. 50:563–573.
crossref
Kogame, K., Rindi, F., Peters, AF. & Guiry, MD. 2015b. Genetic diversity and mitochondrial introgression in Scytosiphon lomentaria (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae) in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. Phycologia. 54:367–374.
crossref
Lee, IK. & Boo, SM. 1981. Marine algal flora of Ulreung and Dogdo Islands. Rep KACN. 19:201–214.

Lee, KM., Boo, GH., Coyer, JK., Nelson, WA., Miller, KA. & Boo, SM. 2014. Distribution patterns and introduction pathways of the cosmopolitan brown alga, Colpomenia peregrina using mt cox 3 and atp 6 sequences. J Appl Phycol. 26:491–504.
crossref pdf
Lee, KM., Boo, GH., Riosmena-Rodriguez, R., Shin, JA. & Boo, SM. 2009. Classification of the genus Ishige (Ishigeales, Phaeophyceae) in the north Pacific Ocean with recognition of Ishige foliacea based on plastid rbc L and mitochondrial cox 3 gene sequences. J Phycol. 45:906–913.
crossref pmid
Lee, KM., Boo, SM., Kain (Jones), JM. & Sherwood, AR. 2013. Cryptic diversity andbiogeography of the widespread brown alga, Colpomenia sinuosa (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae). Bot Mar. 56:15–25.
crossref pdf
Matsumoto, K., Ichihara, K. & Shimada, S. 2014. Taxonomic reinvestigation of Petalonia (Phaeophyceae, Ectocarpales) in southeast Honshu, Japan, with a description of Petalonia tenuis sp. nov. Phycologia. 53:127–136.
crossref
McDevit, DC. & Saunders, GW. 2017. A molecular investigation of Canadian Scytosiphonaceae (Phaeophyceae) including description of Planosiphon gen. nov. & Scytosiphon promiscuus . Botany. 95:653–671.
crossref
Park, DW. & Park, SP. 1981. Landforms of the Ulreung and Dokdo Islands. Rep KACN. 19:37–50.

Rhew, KS. & Boo, SM. 1991. Morphological variability in Endarachne binghamiae J Agardh (Phaeophyta) from the east coast of Korea. Korean J Plant Biol. 34:45–51.

Stamatakis, A. 2014. RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics. 30:1312–1313.
crossref pmid pmc pdf
Vinogradova, KL. 1973. K anatomii roda Petalonia Derb. et. Sol. (Scytosiphonales). Nov. Sist. Nizsh. Rast. 10:28–31.

Womersley, HBS. 1987. The marine benthic flora of southern Australia. Part II. Southern Australian Government Printing Division, Adelaide, 481 pp.

Wynne, MJ. 1969. Life history and systematic studies of some Pacific North American Phaeophyceae (brown algae). Univ Calif Publ Bot. 50:1–88.

Editorial Office
[14348] A-1716, Gwangmyeong Trade Center, 72 Iljik-ro Gwangmyeong-si. Gyeonggi-do, Korea
Tel: +82-2-899-5980  Fax: +82-2-899-5922    E-mail: editalgae@gmail.com
About |  Browse Articles |  Current Issue |  For Authors and Reviewers
Copyright © The Korean Society of Phycology.                 Developed in M2PI