ALGAE

Bangia fuscopurpurea is an alternative host for oomycete pathogens in Pyropia aquafarms

Mini review: The genus Porphyra sensu lato (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), its pests and defence

Perplexity and choice: challenges and future development of laver cultivation in Jiangsu Province, China

ParAquaSeq, a Database of Ecologically Annotated rRNA Sequences Covering Zoosporic Parasites Infecting Aquatic Primary Producers in Natural and Industrial Systems

Silke Van den Wyngaert, Slawek Cerbin, Laura Garzoli, Hans‐Peter Grossart, Alena S. Gsell, Alexandra Kraberg, Cécile Lepère, Sigrid Neuhauser, Miloš Stupar, Andrea Tarallo, Michael Cunliffe, Claire Gachon, Ana Gavrilović, Hossein Masigol, Serena Rasconi,

A new oomycete pathogen Olpidiopsis dasysiphoniae sp. nov. (Oomycota) infecting the red alga Dasysiphonia japonica (Ceramiales, Delesseriaceae)

Xianying Wen, Giuseppe C. Zuccarello, Hwan Su Yoon, Gwang Hoon Kim

An experimental test of the influence of microbial manipulation on sugar kelp ( Saccharina latissima ) supports the core influences host function hypothesis

Jungsoo Park, Evan Kohn, Siobhan Schenk, Katherine M. Davis, Jennifer S. Clark, Laura Wegener Parfrey, Jennifer B. Glass

Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Application and evaluation of probiotics against red rot disease in Pyropia

Peiwen Weng, Huichao Yang, Zhaolan Mo, Wenbin Zhang, Yongwei Yan, Xiaojun Rong, Jie Li

Marine diseases and the Anthropocene: Understanding microbial pathogenesis in a rapidly changing world

Assessment of hydrogen peroxide as a bioindicator of stress in seaweed aquaculture

Acid treatment for the prevention of green macroalgae attachment to Neopyropia aquaculture

Yuqing Sun, Yinqing Zeng, Yichao Tong, Zhangyi Xia, Jang Kyun Kim, Peimin He, Jianheng Zhang

Macroalgae farming for sustainable future: Navigating opportunities and driving innovation

Holocarpic oomycete parasites of red algae are not Olpidiopsis, but neither are they all Pontisma or Sirolpidium (Oomycota)

Giuseppe C. Zuccarello, Claire M. M. Gachon, Yacine Badis, Pedro Murúa, Andrea Garvetto, Gwang Hoon Kim

Natural biocontrol of a Porphyra sp. pest on farmed Gracilaria chilensis by a pythiosis outbreak

Journal of Applied Phycology.2024; 36(4): 2029. CrossRef

Differential surface microbial community and thalli metabolome as early indicators of disease in red algae Pyropia yezoensis

Hyeon-Jeong Bae, Yeo-Jin Bang, Ju-An Jeong, Woo-Keun Kim, Hyemin Lee, Seo Yeon Moon, Tae-Yong Jeong

Aquaculture International.2024; 32(7): 8963. CrossRef

Comparative Metagenomic Analysis of Marine eDNA Investigating the Production Crisis of Aquacultured Saccharina japonica

Soyun Choi, Kwon Mo Yang, Dong Mun Choi, Yang Ho Choi, Xiuliang Wang, Lingxiu Wang, Xiaoyong Liu, Delin Duan, Hyun Park, Jeong Ha Kim

Effect of benthic and planktonic diatoms on the growth and biochemical composition of the commercial macroalga Pyropia haitanensis

Vishal Patil, Lin Sun, Vitthal Mohite, Junrong Liang, Dazhi Wang, Yahui Gao, Changping Chen

Marine Pollution Bulletin.2024; 203: 116411. CrossRef

Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) stressors and illnesses: a review for a sustainable aquaculture under climate change

Eliana Ruiz Martínez, Declan C. Schroeder, Gunnar Thuestad, Ingunn A. Hoell

The first phycopathological atlas in Latin America unveils the underdocumentation of algal pathogens

Pedro Murúa, Liliana Muñoz, Danilo Bustamante, Cecilia Gauna, Leila Hayashi, Daniel Robledo, Martina Strittmatter, Paola Arce, Renato Westermeier, Dieter G. Müller, Claire M.M. Gachon

The photosynthetic uptake of inorganic carbon from Pyropia seaweed aquaculture beds: Scaling up population-level estimations

Ju-Hyoung Kim, Hanbi Moon, Mi-Jung Han, Ji Eun Jung, Na Young Lee, Jin Woo Kang, Ji Chul Oh, Geun-Ha Park, Seon-Eun Lee, Myoung Hoon Lee, Chae-Un Park, Ho-Sung Yoon, Haryun Kim

Metabolomic analysis of umami taste variation in Pyropia haitanensis throughout the harvest cycle

Zihan Yuan, Haibin Pan, Juanjuan Chen, Yuting Zhang, Qijun Luo, Rui Yang, Peng Zhang, Tiegan Wang, Haimin Chen

Prevalence and seasonal variation of Olpidiopsis porphyrae (Oomycota) infecting red algal Bangiales from the Southern Pacific

Pedro Murúa, Liliana Muñoz, Yacine Badis, Pieter van West, Claire M.M. Gachon

European Journal of Phycology.2024; 59(4): 436. CrossRef

Macroalgal Diseases: Exploring Biology, Pathogenesis, and Management Strategies

Quantitative detection of Pythium porphyrae and Pythium chondricola (Oomycota), the causative agents of red rot disease in Pyropia farms in China

Jie Liu, Sudong Xia, Huichao Yang, Zhaolan Mo, Jie Li, Yongwei Yan

The potent antioxidant effect of Neutrase-assisted hydrolysate from heat-resistant Pyropia yezoensis by molecular weight change

Jimin Hyun, Hye-Won Yang, Jun-Geon Je, Hyo-Geun Lee, Gwang Hoon Kim, You-Jin Jeon

Towards achieving circularity and sustainability in feeds for farmed blue foods

Stefanie M. Colombo, Koushik Roy, Jan Mraz, Alex H. L. Wan, Simon J. Davies, Sean M. Tibbetts, Margareth Øverland, David S. Francis, Melissa M. Rocker, Laura Gasco, Emma Spencer, Marc Metian, Jesse T. Trushenski, Giovanni M. Turchini

Reviews in Aquaculture.2023; 15(3): 1115. CrossRef

Evaluation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR normalization in the Neopyropia (Pyropia) oomycete pathogen Pythium porphyrae

Huichao Yang, Yongwei Yan, Peiwen Weng, Congcong Sun, Jiaxing Yu, Lei Tang, Jie Li, Zhaolan Mo

Journal of Applied Phycology.2023; 35(1): 219. CrossRef

Efficient methods of seedling culture and cultivation of the economic macroalga Scytosiphon lomentaria (Phaeophyta): A systematic review

Di Zhang, Cheng-Ying Luo, Ming-Yu Zhong, Zi-Min Hu, Quan-Sheng Zhang

Comparative study on antioxidant activity of Gold 1, a new strain of Pyropia yezoensis

Jimin Hyun, Sang-Woon Lee, Hyeon Hak Jeong, Jae-Il Kim

Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.2023; 26(2): 158. CrossRef

Effects of Two Potential Allelochemicals on the Photosystem II of Nitzschia closterium and Monostroma nitidum

Bowen Huang, Enyi Xie, Yu Ran, Xinyi Chen, Yongjian Huang, Jianjun Cui

Control of oomycete pathogens during Pyropia farming and processing using calcium propionate

Yong Tae Kim, Ro-won Kim, Eunyoung Shim, Hana Park, Tatyana A. Klochkova, Gwang Hoon Kim

Glycoside hydrolase family 5 gene Pp07886 in Pythium porphyrae: Identification, characterization, expression pattern, and activation of the host immunity

Huichao Yang, Peiwen Weng, Zaiduo Liu, Yongwei Yan, Lei Tang, Jie Li, Yunxiang Mao, Zhaolan Mo

The Reemergence of Phycopathology: When Algal Biology Meets Ecology and Biosecurity

Pedro Murúa, Andrea Garvetto, Suhelen Egan, Claire M.M. Gachon

Annual Review of Phytopathology.2023; 61(1): 231. CrossRef

Preliminary Examinations of Phenotypical Changes in Land-Based Long-Term Tumble Culture of Palmaria palmata

Stefan Sebök, Martina Strittmatter, Claire M. M. Gachon, Dieter Hanelt

Oomycete pathogens, red algal defense mechanisms and control measures

Xianying Wen, Giuseppe C. Zuccarello, Tatyana A. Klochkova, Gwang Hoon Kim

Ice‐Ice disease: An environmentally and microbiologically driven syndrome in tropical seaweed aquaculture

Georgia M. Ward, Cicilia S. B. Kambey, Joseph P. Faisan, Pui‐Ling Tan, Caroline C. Daumich, Ivy Matoju, Grant D. Stentiford, David Bass, Phaik‐Eem Lim, Juliet Brodie, Sze‐Wan Poong

Development of an efficiency criterion for the removal of pest organisms (ulvoid green algae and diatoms) from Neopyropia aquaculture using the acid wash (pH shock) method

Epiphytism, diseases and grazing in seaweed aquaculture: A comprehensive review

Durga Prasad Behera, Kapilkumar N. Ingle, Doniya Elze Mathew, Asmita Dhimmar, Harshal Sahastrabudhe, Sunil Kumar Sahu, M. Gobala Krishnan, Pramod. B. Shinde, M. Ganesan, Vaibhav. A. Mantri

Reviews in Aquaculture.2022; 14(3): 1345. CrossRef

Rapid Detection of Red Rot Disease Pathogens (Pythium chondricola and P. porphyrae) in Pyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta) with PCR-RFLP

Quantifying habitat provisioning at macroalgal cultivation sites

Sophie Corrigan, Andrew Ross Brown, Ian G. C. Ashton, Dan A. Smale, Charles R. Tyler

Reviews in Aquaculture.2022; 14(3): 1671. CrossRef

Differences of photosynthesis and nutrient utilization in Sargassum fusiforme and its main epiphyte, Ulva lactuca

Shuaipeng Tian, Tingting Zheng, Mingjiang Wu, Cong Cao, Lili Xu, Zongrun Gu, Binbin Chen, Zengling Ma

Alterations in Epiphytic Bacterial Communities during the Occurrence of Green Rot Disease in Saccharina japonica Seedlings

Yongwei Yan, Shanshan Wang, Jie Li, Fuli Liu, Zhaolan Mo

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering.2022; 10(6): 730. CrossRef

Viruses of Rhodophyta: lack of cultures and genomic resources pose a threat to the growing red algal aquaculture industry

Concise review of the genus Neopyropia (Rhodophyta: Bangiales)

Hyung-Seop Kim, Han Gil Choi, Mi-Sook Hwang, You Jin Jeon, Charles Yarish, Jang Kyun Kim

Journal of Applied Phycology.2022; 34(4): 1805. CrossRef

A Retrospective Review of Global Commercial Seaweed Production—Current Challenges, Biosecurity and Mitigation Measures and Prospects

Rajeena Sugumaran, Birdie Scott Padam, Wilson Thau Lym Yong, Suryani Saallah, Kamruddin Ahmed, Nur Athirah Yusof

International Journal of Environmental Research an.2022; 19(12): 7087. CrossRef

Mechanism of the allelopathic effect of macroalgae Gracilaria bailiniae on Nitzschia closterium

Bowen Huang, Jianjun Cui, Xinyi Chen, Yongjian Huang, Cong Xu, Enyi Xie

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2022; 241: 113767. CrossRef

My seaweed looks weird: a community web portal to accelerate pathogen discovery in seaweeds

Martina Strittmatter, Pedro Murúa, Paola Arce, Marie-Mathilde Perrineau, Claire Gachon

The Identification of Filamentous Cyanobacteria Isolated from Neopyropia Germplasm Bank Illustrates the Pattern of Contamination

Yinyin Deng, Cuicui Tian, Chuanming Hu, Guangping Xu, Lien Yang, Qinqin Lu, Wei Zhou

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering.2022; 10(6): 838. CrossRef

Recent advances in seaweed seedling production: a review of eucheumatoids and other valuable seaweeds

Calvin Jiksing, McMarshall M. Ongkudon, Vun Yee Thien, Kenneth Francis Rodrigues, Wilson Thau Lym Yong

Splitting blades: why genera need to be more carefully defined; the case for Pyropia (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

Discoloration in the marine red algae Pyropia: causative factors and exploiting the biotechnological potential of a waste resource

Kichul Cho, Jina Heo, Sang‐Moo Lee, Jinwook Han, Hyun Dae Hong, Hancheol Jeon, Hyun‐Ju Hwang, Kyunghwa Baek, Jong Won Han

Anticancer Activity of the Potential Pyropia yezoensis Galactan Fractionated in Human Prostate Cancer Cells

Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering.2021; 26(1): 63. CrossRef

A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture

Rosamond L. Naylor, Ronald W. Hardy, Alejandro H. Buschmann, Simon R. Bush, Ling Cao, Dane H. Klinger, David C. Little, Jane Lubchenco, Sandra E. Shumway, Max Troell

Description of a white spot disease of field cultivated kelp (Saccharina japonica) and evaluation of its influences on the growth and phytochemical contents

Weiwei Wang, Xiaojie Li, Guangjin Liang, Nan Zhao, Liang Shi, Guanpin Yang

Seaweed biosecurity in Tanzania: Lessons to be learned from other major plant crops

Msafiri A. Ndawala, Flower E. Msuya, Jennefe P. Cabarubias, Amelia Buriyo, Elizabeth J. Cottier-Cook

Environmental Challenges.2021; 5: 100319. CrossRef

A review of reported seaweed diseases and pests in aquaculture in Asia

Georgia M. Ward, Joseph P. Faisan, Elizabeth J. Cottier‐Cook, Claire Gachon, Anicia Q. Hurtado, Phaik E. Lim, Ivy Matoju, Flower E. Msuya, David Bass, Juliet Brodie

Journal of the World Aquaculture Society.2020; 51(4): 815. CrossRef

Development of a PCR method for detection of Pseudoalteromonas marina associated with green spot disease in Pyropia yezoensis

Huichao Yang, Yongwei Yan, Jie Li, Lei Tang, Yunxiang Mao, Zhaolan Mo

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology.2020; 38(1): 168. CrossRef

Hidden diversity in the oomycete genus Olpidiopsis is a potential hazard to red algal cultivation and conservation worldwide

Yacine Badis, Tatyana A. Klochkova, Janina Brakel, Paola Arce, Martin Ostrowski, Susannah G. Tringe, Gwang Hoon Kim, Claire M.M. Gachon

European Journal of Phycology.2020; 55(2): 162. CrossRef

Isolation, identification, carbon utilization profile and control of Pythium graminicola, the causal agent of chilli damping‐off

Manish Kumar Dubey, Andleeb Zehra, Mohd. Aamir, Mukesh Yadav, Swarnmala Samal, Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay

Journal of Phytopathology.2020; 168(2): 88. CrossRef

An analysis of the current status and future of biosecurity frameworks for the Indonesian seaweed industry

Cicilia S. B. Kambey, Iona Campbell, Calvyn F. A. Sondak, Adibi R. M. Nor, Phaik E. Lim, Elizabeth J. Cottier-Cook

Journal of Applied Phycology.2020; 32(4): 2147. CrossRef

Occurrence and pathogenicity of Pythium (Oomycota) on Ulva species (Chlorophyta) at different salinities

María-Luz Herrero, May Bente Brurberg, Darío I. Ojeda, Michael Y. Roleda

Protective effects of extracts from six local strains of Pyropia yezoensis against oxidative damage in vitro and in zebrafish model

Yu-Lin Dai, Gwang Hoon Kim, Min-Cheol Kang, You-Jin Jeon

The gene repertoire of Pythium porphyrae (Oomycota) suggests an adapted plant pathogen tackling red algae

Yacine Badis, Jong Won Han, Tatyana A. Klochkova, Claire M. M. Gachon, Gwang Hoon Kim

The complete mitochondrial genome ofPyropia pulchra(Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta)

Mitochondrial DNA Part B.2020; 5(3): 3157. CrossRef

Control of fouling in the aquaculture of Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus by regular desiccation

Rafael Meichssner, Nadja Stegmann, Anna-Sarah Cosin, Dagobert Sachs, Matthias Bressan, Henriette Marx, Peter Krost, Rüdiger Schulz

Journal of Applied Phycology.2020; 32(6): 4145. CrossRef

Cryopreservation of the parasitic and saprophytic life stage of the blastocladialean pathogen Paraphysoderma sedebokerense infecting the green algae Haematococcus pluvialis and Scenedesmus dimorphus

Martina Strittmatter, Cecilia Rad-Menéndez, Claire M. M. Gachon

Effect of silicon in Pyropia yezoensis under temperature and irradiance stresses through antioxidant gene expression

Bao Le, Mawra Nadeem, Seung-Hwan Yang, Jong-Am Shin, Man-Gu Kang, Gyuhwa Chung, Sangmi Sun

Journal of Applied Phycology.2019; 31(2): 1297. CrossRef

Novel species of the oomycete Olpidiopsis potentially threaten European red algal cultivation

Yacine Badis, Tatyana A. Klochkova, Martina Strittmatter, Andrea Garvetto, Pedro Murúa, J. Craig Sanderson, Gwang Hoon Kim, Claire M. M. Gachon

Journal of Applied Phycology.2019; 31(2): 1239. CrossRef

Characterization of Pythium chondricola associated with red rot disease of Pyropia yezoensis (Ueda) (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) from Lianyungang, China

Liping Qiu, Yunxiang Mao, Lei Tang, Xianghai Tang, Zhaolan Mo

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology.2019; 37(3): 1102. CrossRef

Isolation, Morphological Characteristics and Proteomic Profile Analysis of Thermo-tolerant Pyropia yezoensis Mutant in Response to High-temperature Stress

Gall disease in the alginophyte Lessonia berteroana: A pathogenic interaction linked with host adulthood in a seasonal-dependant manner

Pedro Murúa, David J. Patiño, Félix P. Leiva, Liliana Muñoz, Dieter G. Müller, Frithjof C. Küpper, Renato Westermeier, Akira F. Peters

The Environmental Risks Associated With the Development of Seaweed Farming in Europe - Prioritizing Key Knowledge Gaps

Iona Campbell, Adrian Macleod, Christian Sahlmann, Luiza Neves, Jon Funderud, Margareth Øverland, Adam D. Hughes, Michele Stanley

Biological Concepts for the Control of Aquatic Zoosporic Diseases

Thijs Frenken, Ramsy Agha, Dirk S. Schmeller, Pieter van West, Justyna Wolinska

Genetic toolkits of the red alga Pyropia tenera against the three most common diseases in Pyropia farms

Soo Hyun Im, Tatyana A. Klochkova, Da Jeoung Lee, Claire M. M. Gachon, Gwang Hoon Kim, A. Buschmann

Estimating the Individual Dry Weight of Sheet Form Macroalgae for Laboratory Studies

Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environmen.2019; 25(2): 244. CrossRef

PhytopythiumandPythiumSpecies (Oomycota) Isolated from Freshwater Environments of Korea

Compositional Shifts of Bacterial Communities Associated With Pyropia yezoensis and Surrounding Seawater Co-occurring With Red Rot Disease

Yong-Wei Yan, Hui-Chao Yang, Lei Tang, Jie Li, Yun-Xiang Mao, Zhao-Lan Mo

Phyconomy: the extensive cultivation of seaweeds, their sustainability and economic value, with particular reference to important lessons to be learned and transferred from the practice of eucheumatoid farming

Structure and Bioactivities of Porphyrans and Oligoporphyrans

Lihua Geng, Jing Wang, Zhongshan Zhang, Yang Yue, Quanbin Zhang

Current Pharmaceutical Design.2019; 25(11): 1163. CrossRef

Transcriptomic Insights into Innate Immunity Responding to Red Rot Disease in Red Alga Pyropia yezoensis

Lei Tang, Liping Qiu, Cong Liu, Guoying Du, Zhaolan Mo, Xianghai Tang, Yunxiang Mao

International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2019; 20(23): 5970. CrossRef

Morphological comparison between aquaculture and natural populations for development of the new varieties of Ecklonia cava

Seung-Oh Kim, Jin Seok Heo, Eun Kyoung Hwang, Mi Sook Hwang, Sang-Rae Lee, Jung Hyun Oak

Environmental Biology Research.2019; 37(4): 707. CrossRef

Not in your usual Top 10: protists that infect plants and algae

Arne Schwelm, Julia Badstöber, Simon Bulman, Nicolas Desoignies, Mohammad Etemadi, Richard E. Falloon, Claire M. M. Gachon, Anne Legreve, Julius Lukeš, Ueli Merz, Anna Nenarokova, Martina Strittmatter, Brooke K. Sullivan, Sigrid Neuhauser

Molecular Plant Pathology.2018; 19(4): 1029. CrossRef

Bacterial community temporal dynamics and disease-related variations in the seawater of Pyropia (laver) seedling pools

Xiangyu Guan, Wei Zhou, Chuanming Hu, Miaoxian Zhu, Yaping Ding, Shanshan Gai, Xiaoxuan Zheng, Jianyi Zhu, Qinqin Lu

Journal of Applied Phycology.2018; 30(2): 1217. CrossRef

Molecular Detection of Eukaryotic Diets and Gut Mycobiomes in Two Marine Sediment-Dwelling Worms, Sipunculus nudus and Urechis unicinctus

Microbes and Environments.2018; 33(3): 290. CrossRef

O gênero Olpidiopsis (Oomycota) no Nordeste do Brasil

José de Ribamar de Sousa Rocha, Joseane Lustosa Machado, Janete Barros da Silva, Osiel César da Trindade Júnior, Leilane de Abreu Santos, Edilson Páscoa Rodrigues, Áurea Aguiar Cronemberger

Chemically-Mediated Interactions Between Macroalgae, Their Fungal Endophytes, and Protistan Pathogens

Marine Vallet, Martina Strittmatter, Pedro Murúa, Sandrine Lacoste, Joëlle Dupont, Cedric Hubas, Gregory Genta-Jouve, Claire M. M. Gachon, Gwang Hoon Kim, Soizic Prado

Host range and salinity tolerance of Pythium porphyrae may indicate its terrestrial origin

Journal of Applied Phycology.2017; 29(1): 371. CrossRef

Pathogens of brown algae: culture studies of Anisolpidium ectocarpii and A. rosenvingei reveal that the Anisolpidiales are uniflagellated oomycetes

Claire M.M. Gachon, Martina Strittmatter, Yacine Badis, Kyle I. Fletcher, Pieter Van West, Dieter G. Müller

European Journal of Phycology.2017; 52(2): 133. CrossRef

Olpidiopsis porphyrae var. koreanae, an endemic endoparasite infecting cultivated Pyropia yezoensis in Korea

Min Seok Kwak, Tatyana A. Klochkova, Seungjin Jeong, Gwang Hoon Kim

Journal of Applied Phycology.2017; 29(4): 2003. CrossRef

Seaweed aquaculture: cultivation technologies, challenges and its ecosystem services

Jang K. Kim, Charles Yarish, Eun Kyoung Hwang, Miseon Park, Youngdae Kim

Infection and cox2 sequence of Pythium chondricola (Oomycetes) causing red rot disease in Pyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta) in Korea

Soon Jeong Lee, Bo Young Jee, Maeng-Hyun Son, Sang-Rae Lee

A new endoparasite Olpidiopsis heterosiphoniae sp. nov. that infects red algae in Korea

New species of unicellular obligate parasite, Olpidiopsis pyropiae sp. nov., that plagues Pyropia sea farms in Korea

Tatyana A. Klochkova, Yoon Ju Shin, Kyoung-Hyoun Moon, Taizo Motomura, Gwang Hoon Kim

Journal of Applied Phycology.2016; 28(1): 73. CrossRef

Chloroplast virus causes green-spot disease in cultivated Pyropia of Korea

Gwang Hoon Kim, Tatyana A. Klochkova, Da Jeoung Lee, Soo Hyun Im

Molecular identification of the algal pathogen Pythium chondricola (Oomycetes) from Pyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta) using ITS and cox1 markers

Soon Jeong Lee, Mi Sook Hwang, Myoung Ae Park, Jae Min Baek, Dong-Soo Ha, Jee Eun Lee, Sang-Rae Lee